Current Theories - Big Bang

The standard cosmology is the most reliably elucidated epoch spanning the epoch from about one hundredth of a second after the Big Bang through to the present day. The standard model for the evolution of the Universe in this epoch have faced many stringent observational tests.

Particle cosmology builds a picture of the universe prior to this at temperature regimes which still lie within known physics. For example, high energy particle acclerators at CERN and Fermilab allow us to test physical models for processes which would occur only 0.00000000001 seconds after the Big Bang. This area of cosmology is more speculative, as it involves at least some extrapolation, and often faces intractable calculational difficulties. Many cosmologists argue that reasonable extrapolations can be made to times as early as a grand unification phase transition.

Quantum cosmology considers questions about the origin of the Universe itself. This endeavours to describe quantum processes at the earliest times that we can conceive of a classical space-time, that is, the Planck epoch at 0.0000000000000000000000000000000000000000001 seconds. Given that we as yet do not have a fully self-consistent theory of quantum gravity, this area of cosmology is more speculative. source of energy, matter and the universe itself is the ultimate mystery of, well, the universe.

Based on a widespread afterglow called the cosmic microwave background (and other evidence), scientists think that the cosmos formed from a "Big Bang" -- an incomprehensible expansion of energy from an ultra-hot, ultra-dense state.

Describing time before the event, however, may be impossible.

Still, atom smasher searches for particles that formed shortly after the Big Bang could shed new light on the universe's mysterious existence -- and make it a bit less strange than it is today.

Caption: Illustration showing the creation and expansion of the universe. Credit: NASA

Article posted October 31, 2008.

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• Now on Google Finance: streaming news
  
• Searching the global web just got a little
  easier
  
• Connect with world leaders on the climate
  debate

Now on Google Finance: streaming news Posted: 04 Dec 2009 08:46 AM PST Ever since we launched real-time and streaming quotes on Google Finance last year, we've heard from users how vital that up-to-date information has been. Especially in today's volatile financial environment, current information can be the difference between a seizing an opportunity and missing it. Today, we've taken a big step towards improving access to current financial information: streaming financial and market news on Google Finance. Streaming keeps information fresh Streaming real-time quotes eliminates the 15- and 20-minute delays often associated with pricing data. Streaming the quotes keeps information on the page up to date, without having to reload. Now, by streaming news as well, you'll see stories appear on Google Finance as they develop minute by minute, throughout the day. You can view news on the Google Finance homepage, or the dedicated news page. Updated news items will appear automatically in the News section. News will be streamed from 8am-5:30pm ET, 90 minutes before and after U.S. trading hours. Up-to-date information across the site As we deliver more information, we've worked to improve the way we display it. In the last few months, we've released a few other improvements to Google Finance designed to make financial information easier to access and more usable: As you navigate throughout Google Finance, your recent quotes are streamed live in the left-navigation bar, so you don't need to keep checking the same tickers. On company pages, all stock prices, index and sector comparisons as well as the interactive chart are streamed during market hours. The new interactive Related companies page lets customize a table that compares companies along the dimensions you specify. Financial information doesn't exist in a vacuum. News can stimulate trades, and trades of one stock can have broad market effects. Figuring how to organize all of that information and make it useful is crucial — and that's what we're working on. There is still a long way to go, so stay tuned for more updates. Posted by Andre Lebedev, Software Engineer and Ayan Mandal, Product Manager

Searching the global web just got a little easier Posted: 03 Dec 2009 03:08 PM PST Today, we’re excited to introduce a new "Translated search" tool in the Search Options panel that makes finding and reading content written in other languages easier. Translated search is great because it helps you find information from sites written in other languages. We've offered this feature in Google Translate for a while, but now we're integrating it fully into Google search, making it easier for you to find and read results from pages across the web, even if they weren't written in a language you speak. Now, when you search on Google for something in your own language, you can use this tool to search the web in another language. Click "Show Options" at the top of the search results page and select "Translated search" to try it out. We'll algorithmically select the best language(s) to translate your search query into and then return you translated results from those pages. We'll even display results from multiple languages. For example, if you search for [restaurant reviews antwerp] while on vacation in Belgium and want to find more reviews or review sites beyond those that are just available in English, select "Translate search" in the "Show Options" panel. We'll automatically select French and Dutch (the languages spoken in Belgium), translate your query into these languages and then translate the results back into English for you to read. If you’d like to search specific languages, just modify the languages in the panel above the results. You can display results for up to five languages at once and select from 51 languages to search. Of course, the algorithm that determines which languages to translate your search query into isn't perfect, but we’re working to improve it. We're rolling this out over the next day — keep an eye out. So if you’re traveling and want to find hotels, restaurants, activities or reviews written from a local perspective, or if you're just curious to find what’s being written about a company, product or topic in another language, give Translated search in the Search Options panel a try. Searching the global web has never been easier! Posted by Maureen Heymans, Technical Lead and Jeff Chin, Product Manager

Connect with world leaders on the climate debate Posted: 03 Dec 2009 10:11 AM PST (Cross-posted from the Official YouTube Blog) Next week 192 countries will participate in the Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen — the first step in setting new international commitments for carbon reduction. We want to be sure your voice is included in the debate. That's why, starting today, you can submit and vote on questions to ask world climate leaders during a televised town hall on CNN. With Google Moderator on YouTube for the first time, you can view, add and vote on video or text questions in one spot. Questions will be translated into numerous languages using the Google Language API, giving you a chance to read and vote on text questions from around the world. Voting and submissions will be accepted until December 14. You can also track the conversation and vote on new questions. Visit www.youtube.com/cop15 now to get started. Next week we'll post an update on popular and interesting questions. We're looking forward to seeing what ideas you and others around the world have for addressing climate change. Posted by Steve Grove, Head of YouTube News & Politics and Colby Ranger, Tech Lead, Google Moderator

• Scholarships for English MA at Clark
  University
  
• [Poland] INTERNATIONAL SCHOLARSHIPS from the
  Institute of Physical Chemistry, Warsaw
  
• ILSP Summer Academy Scholarship
  
• [Austria] BCC10* International Case Study
  Competition in Vienna

Scholarships for English MA at Clark University Posted: 05 Dec 2009 10:01 AM PST *Clark University's Department of English seeks qualified candidates for its M.A. program.* Our Master's program supports innovative as well as traditional approaches to studying literature. Fostering the interdisciplinary study of American literature and culture, British literature within historical and theoretical frameworks, as well as the roles of gender and ethnicity as shaping factors in literary production [...]

[Poland] INTERNATIONAL SCHOLARSHIPS from the Institute of Physical Chemistry, Warsaw Posted: 05 Dec 2009 09:51 AM PST The Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences launches the exciting PhD programme in both fundamental research and applications in bio- and nanotechnology and information processing. Application Procedure The deadline for application is March 10, 2010 Candidates have to: 1) hold Master of Science or equivalent degree obtained not earlier than in 2004 2) be fluent in [...]

ILSP Summer Academy Scholarship Posted: 05 Dec 2009 09:29 AM PST The ILSP will offer 12 credits to one participant of each of the WCL summer academies. For fall: July 1 For spring: October 1 Applicants must enroll in the ILSP LLM program in the fall or spring semester immediately following the summer academy in which they participated. Applications for fall 2009 has been extended to July 1, [...]

[Austria] BCC10* International Case Study Competition in Vienna Posted: 05 Dec 2009 09:21 AM PST Excellent students from South-Eastern Europe and Austria have the opportunity to compete at the BCC10* in the following four academic disciplines: Law Moot Court Business Case Competition Model European Council ICT (Information and Communication Technology) Case Competition The finals of the BCC10* will take place in Vienna/Austria from July 5th to 11th, 2010. Thanks to the support of partners, the [...]

Chittagong University authorities have expelled three students belonging to Bangladesh Chhatra League and declared two others persona-non-grata on the campus for assaulting some teachers.

The Board of Residence, Health and Discipline in an urgent meeting took the decision for assaulting teachers and bringing out a procession defying rules.
Vice Chancellor Professor Dr Abu Yusuf presided over the meeting held at his office.
The expelled students are: Kazi Mohammad Alam of Anthropology department, Shantanu Mohajan of History department and Ahsan Siddique Rimon of Marketing department.
Alam was also fined Tk 80,000 for damaging a video camera.
Rimon was earlier expelled for one year on disciplinary ground early this year, said Proctor Professor Jasim Uddin.


Jahidul Islam Jewel, known as Black Jewel, and AKM Sohel Rana, who had already been stripped of studentship, were declared persona-non-grata on the campus, said the proctor.
The authority also issued show-cause notices to 15 other students and said the expelled students would not be welcome on the campus for the next one year.


Sources said leaders and activists of the BCL CU unit along with a number of outsiders brought out a procession demanding trial of August 21 bomb blast defying restriction on any kind of procession around the campus.As they moved forward in procession from the university railway station, two members of proctoral body and student affairs adviser Towhid Hossain barred them at the Kanta Pahar area, sources said.


At one stage, some unruly activists manhandled the teachers and injured cameraman Khandaker Moazzem Hossain.
Alam allegedly broke the camera while the cameraman was recording footages of the unruly students.
When contacted, BCL General Secretary Ershad Hossain claimed they took permission for the procession from the authorities concerned three days back.
“As the authorities took away their banner forcibly, some activists became agitated and went beyond control,” he said.

Vice Chancellor Abu Yusuf told The Daily Star that actions were taken against them for defying disciplinary rules of the university.
Sources said some expelled BCL activists and leaders intentionally were grouped in a bid to take control of the campus and hamper the academic atmosphere.